Interactive Map
LGBTIQ Inclusion in National Action Plans on the United Nations Women, Peace, and Security Agenda
Learn MoreIntroduction
National Action Plans (NAPs) on the United Nations Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) agenda are increasingly recognizing the importance of addressing the unique vulnerabilities and contributions of LGBTIQ people of all genders. Historically, the WPS agenda—the international architecture on gender and peacebuilding—has centered on cisheteronormative understandings of gender, overlooking the realities of LGBTIQ communities in conflicts and crises. LGBTIQ individuals face disproportionate risks, including violence motivated by prejudice, systemic exclusion from decision-making processes, inadequate protection measures, and exclusion from recovery and relief programs. By integrating LGBTIQ considerations, countries are working to fill these gaps and strengthen peace and security efforts.
The following 23 country profiles highlight how nations have addressed these issues in their WPS NAPs, offering varying levels of inclusion. Some countries have adopted explicit strategies, such as capacity-building for LGBTIQ leaders, targeted protections, and intersectional approaches to human security. Others have made progress by incorporating limited references to sexual orientation and gender identity, while some continue to rely on a binary understanding of gender. These profiles provide an in-depth look at how LGBTIQ inclusion in NAPs are shaping the WPS agenda, serving as a valuable resource for governments, civil society, and advocacy organizations to learn from existing examples and identify good practices to strengthen future National Action Plans.
Methodology
Outright International conducted a desk review to identify countries that have integrated LGBTIQ considerations into their National Action Plans on the WPS agenda.
The review began by selecting 52 nations known for their public commitment to advancing the human security of LGBTIQ communities. These countries were chosen based on their membership in the United Nations LGBTI Core Group, the Equal Rights Coalition, or both—bodies that signify a nation's dedication to promoting LGBTIQ human rights on the international stage.
The analysis involved a thorough desk review of each country's National Action Plan to assess the inclusion of references to sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, and sex characteristics. It examined whether the plans acknowledged the specific vulnerabilities and needs of LGBTIQ individuals in conflict and crisis settings and whether they outlined concrete strategies and measures to address these challenges.
This included looking for explicit language recognizing LGBTIQ communities, the adoption of intersectional approaches, and commitments to protect and empower persons with diverse sexual orientations, gender identities, expressions, and sex characteristics.
With a cutoff date in January 2025, Outright International identified 23 countries that have made commendable progress. These findings offer a benchmark for understanding the current state of LGBTIQ inclusion in National Action Plans on the WPS agenda. They also demonstrate the clear synergies in addressing the needs of women and LGBTIQ communities within the WPS framework, as these groups face gender-based violence rooted in similar structural inequities and harmful gender norms.
Note: While Outright International uses the term "LGBTIQ" to recognize the diversity of communities it represents, the country profiles mainly reflect the language used in each country's National Action Plan to accurately capture their specific terminology and context.
Explore national action plans in
to see how LGBTIQ people are included
Albania
Albania focuses on enhancing police capacity to address hate crimes based on sexual orientation within its National Action Plan.
Dates of implementation of the most recent plan: 2018-2020
How does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda account for inclusion of LGBTIQ people of all genders?
Albania’s National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security includes a focus on enhancing police capacity to investigate and address hate crimes based on sexual orientation.
Does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda address the root causes of gender-based violence against women in all their diversity and LGBTIQ people of all genders?
The NAP includes measures aimed at transforming societal attitudes toward women through reforms and awareness-raising campaigns. However, the plan adheres to a binary conception of gender and lacks a critical examination of root causes of gender-based violence against LGBTIQ communities, such as cis- and hetero- normativity, adherence to normative ideals of masculinity and femininity, the medical pathologization of non-conforming identities, and other structural and cultural norms. Enhanced attention to these underlying factors is essential for a more comprehensive approach to preventing all forms of gender-based violence.
Who is responsible for implementing this National Action Plan?
The Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Ministry of Health and Social Protection, and Ministry of Defence. The plan employs a "Gender-based Analysis Plus" (GBA+) framework, ensuring that policies and initiatives are assessed for their impact on diverse groups, including women, men, and gender-diverse individuals. It acknowledges the significant role of women and gender-diverse peacebuilders and human rights defenders. It recognizes the importance of an intersectional approach and that “Indigenous women, girls, Two-Spirit and gender-diverse people face violence and insecurity within Canada due to the ongoing effects of colonialism.”
Does the monitoring, evaluation, and learning framework address and include measures for LGBTIQ people of all genders?
Partially. The monitoring, evaluation, and learning framework includes a measure to improve police capacity to handle crimes based on sexual orientation, with 840,000 Albanian Lek (approximately USD 9,000) allocated for training. The implementation of this initiative is measured by the number of training events and participants, overseen by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. However, the framework does not comprehensively address or include measures for LGBTIQ people of all genders.
What are some areas for improvement for this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
The plan lacks acknowledgment of transgender and intersex people and has no discussion of violence based on perceived gender identity, gender expression, or sex characteristics. While the plan acknowledges hate crimes on the grounds of sexual orientation, it would further benefit from adopting an analysis of bias-motivated violence against LGBTIQ people as a form of gender-based violence. This analysis would incorporate the experiences of all individuals with diverse sexual orientations, gender identities, gender expressions, and sex characteristics.
Argentina
Argentina focuses on protecting and defending the human rights of women and girls in all their diversity and LGBTIQ+ persons within its National Action Plan.
Dates of implementation of the most recent plan: 2021-2025
How does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda account for inclusion of LGBTIQ people of all genders?
Argentina’s National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda explicitly seeks to “protect and defend the human rights of women and girls in all their diversity and LGBTIQ+ persons.” The plan aims to safeguard these rights in conflict, post-conflict situations, and in adverse situations caused by pandemics, poverty, and hunger, particularly targeting gender-based and sexual violence. The plan also includes an objective dedicated to enhancing the political participation of women in all their diversity in peace and security matters.
The plan employs a "Gender-based Analysis Plus" (GBA+) framework, ensuring that policies and initiatives are assessed for their impact on diverse groups, including women, men, and gender-diverse individuals. It acknowledges the significant role of women and gender-diverse peacebuilders and human rights defenders. It recognizes the importance of an intersectional approach and that “Indigenous women, girls, Two-Spirit and gender-diverse people face violence and insecurity within Canada due to the ongoing effects of colonialism.”
Does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda address the root causes of gender-based violence against women in all their diversity and LGBTIQ people of all genders?
The NAP highlights the importance of “an intersectional approach to violence and security, sensitive to the overlap of gender and other identity categories such as race, class and sexual orientation.” The plan also includes progressive references to sexual and reproductive health rights in conflict and crisis contexts. However, while the plan makes important strides in acknowledging and addressing these issues, it could be strengthened by a more detailed exploration of societal structures, norms, and stereotypes that underpin gender-based violence. An in-depth discussion on how structural and cultural norms like cisnormativity and heteronormativity affect LGBTIQ communities would provide a clearer understanding of the root causes of violence and discrimination they face.
Who is responsible for implementing this National Action Plan?
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade, and Worship; Ministry of Defense; Ministry of Security; Ministry of Women, Gender, and Diversity (now defunct); Ministry of Justice and Human Rights; Ministry of the Interior; Ministry of Social Development; Ministry of Health; Women’s Office of the Supreme Court; and Cabinet of Ministers.
Does the monitoring, evaluation, and learning framework explicitly address and include measures for LGBTIQ people of all genders?
Yes. The plan’s monitoring and evaluation framework is a separate annex document and is divided into four overarching objectives. The fourth objective explicitly mentions LGBTIQ people and focuses on protecting their human rights in conflict, post-conflict, and crisis situations, including promoting policies against gender-based violence and ensuring access to justice and sexual and reproductive rights. However, financial details for implementation are not clearly outlined.
Brazil
Brazil incorporates an intersectional approach in its National Action Plan, emphasizing the diverse security needs of LGBTQIA+ communities alongside other marginalized groups.
Dates of implementation of the most recent plan: 2023-2027
How does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda account for inclusion of LGBTIQ people of all genders?
Brazil's National Action Plan incorporates an intersectional approach, recognizing the diverse human security needs of marginalized groups, including LGBTQIA+ communities. The plan emphasizes the complex experiences of violence faced by Black, Indigenous, riverine, and migrant women, integrating their perspectives into broader policy efforts.
Does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda address the root causes of gender-based violence against women in all their diversity and LGBTIQ people of all genders?
The plan addresses structural and cultural violence beyond traditional conflict definitions, focusing on how marginalized groups, including LGBTQIA+ people, endure intersecting forms of discrimination. However, it lacks a detailed analysis of challenges specific to LGBTIQ+ communities, such as cisnormativity and heteronormativity, which are crucial for a more comprehensive approach to preventing all forms of gender-based violence.
Who is responsible for implementing this National Action Plan?
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Women, Ministry of Human Rights, Ministry of Racial Equality, Ministry of Indigenous Peoples, and others.
Does the monitoring, evaluation, and learning framework explicitly address and include measures for LGBTIQ people of all genders?
No. The plan includes a five-objective framework, monitored by an Interministerial Working Group. Objectives range from integrating gender perspectives in foreign policy to preventing violence that disproportionately affects women and marginalized groups. Financial details are not outlined, but progress is to be measured by indicators devised by the working group.
What are some areas for improvement for this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
While the plan acknowledges LGBTQIA+ people, it does not address the unique challenges faced by different groups such as lesbian, bisexual, and queer women; gay, bisexual, and queer men; transgender people; and intersex individuals. A more detailed approach would enhance the effectiveness of interventions by addressing specific barriers faced by these communities.
Canada
Canada's National Action Plan critiques historic binary and cisheteronormative approaches in peace and security, advocating for the inclusion of 2SLGBTQI+ issues. It emphasizes the need for an intersectional approach to tackle violence and insecurity faced by Indigenous women, girls, Two-Spirit, and gender-diverse people, highlighting the threat posed by anti-gender movements.
Dates of implementation of the most recent plan: 2023-2029
How does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda account for inclusion of LGBTIQ people of all genders?
Canada’s National Action Plan is explicitly critical of the historic binary and cisheteronormative approaches to gender that have marked the Women, Peace and Security agenda. The plan notes: “The exclusion of 2SLGBTQI+ issues in the WPS agenda and the use of a narrow, binary understanding of gender are major criticisms of this agenda. Omitting gender identity and sexual orientation has disregarded the needs of 2SLGBTQI+ people in peace and security efforts, while also failing to understand the roles that ‘sexuality and gender norms play in sustaining systems of political power.”
The plan also observes that the “rise of anti-gender movements, and increased backlash against women’s rights, feminist and 2SLGBTQI+ movements,” poses a critical threat to the world of peacebuilders. Canada commits to supporting 2SLGBTQI+ movements by ensuring their needs and rights are addressed across six focus areas: building and sustaining peace; security, justice and accountability; crisis response; reducing sexual and gender-based violence, strengthening leadership and capabilities; and fostering inclusion.
Does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda address the root causes of gender-based violence against women in all their diversity and LGBTIQ people of all genders?
Canada defines sexual and gender-based violence broadly and recognizes its pervasive impact on eroding a person’s self-dignity, health, and ability to participate in social, economic and political life. The plan acknowledges that gender-based violence is exacerbated in conflict, rooted in gender inequalities, and intensified by other forms of discrimination including racism, colonialism, disability, homophobia, transphobia, and poverty. Further, the plan’s focus on satisfying sexual and reproductive health rights indicates a progressive understanding that social barriers and legal obstacles are among the many root causes of sexual and gender-based violence.
What are some innovative approaches in this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
The plan adopts a gender-based approach that recognizes and addresses the impacts of socially constructed gender roles, patriarchy, and misogyny. It acknowledges that conventional references to "women" and "men" typically reflect only cisgender and heterosexual experiences, excluding sexually and gender-diverse individuals. The plan emphasizes the importance of distinguishing "sex" from "gender" in contexts such as healthcare, where understanding these differences is particularly vital for inclusively addressing the needs of transgender people, ensuring they receive appropriate care related to both their sex and gender identity.
Who is responsible for implementing this National Action Plan?
The Canadian Armed Forces and Department of National Defence; Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada; Department of Justice Canada; Global Affairs Canada; Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada; Indigenous Services Canada; Public Safety Canada (with contributions from the Correctional Service of Canada); Royal Canadian Mounted Police; Veterans Affairs Canada; and Women and Gender Equality Canada.
Does the monitoring, evaluation, and learning framework explicitly address and include measures for LGBTIQ people of all genders?
Yes. The monitoring, evaluation, and learning framework is divided into five focus areas: building and sustaining peace; security, justice, and accountability; crisis response; leadership and capabilities; and inclusion. While all outcomes and indicators are relevant to LGBTIQ communities, explicit reference is made in some outcomes and indicators. One outcome focuses on enhancing the capacity of partners to improve access to justice for women, girls, and gender-diverse people in Canada and abroad, with a qualitative indicator assessing evidence of enhanced departmental capacity. Another outcome targets increased capacity to reach historically underserved or marginalized communities, including those experiencing multiple and intersecting forms of oppression, with an indicator showing evidence of mandatory integration of Gender-Based Analysis Plus (GBA+) in implementing the plan.
What are some areas for improvement for this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
While comprehensive, the plan could further enhance its effectiveness by specifying actions tailored to the unique challenges faced by different groups within LGBTIQ communities, such as increased support for trans individuals facing discrimination and violence. The explicit inclusion of intersex individuals and detailing their specific needs would strengthen the plan’s commitment to LGBTIQ inclusion. Further, while the plan itself critiques the conventional equation of “gender” with “women,” it contains no analysis of the way in which gender norms and binaries harm men, including queer men, particularly in conflict settings.
Columbia
Colombia’s National Action Plan is a pioneer in LGBTQ inclusion by addressing violence based on sexual orientation, gender identity, and expression as a form of gender-based violence. It includes implementation measures specifically targeting lesbian, bisexual, and transgender women.
Dates of implementation of the most recent plan: 2024 - 2034
How does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda account for the inclusion of LGBTIQ people of all genders?
Colombia’s National Action Plan incorporates LGBTQ inclusion through an intersectional human security approach that aims to address systemic discrimination. It explicitly acknowledges the vulnerabilities and contributions of lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and gender-diverse individuals in conflict and peacebuilding processes. The plan mandates measures such as data disaggregation by sexual orientation and gender identity, tailored risk analysis and protection sessions with LBT experts, and the inclusion of LGBTQ communities in public policy development and decision-making spaces. It also highlights crimes against LGBTQ people, such as prejudice-based violence, as part of transitional justice efforts and includes them in the country’s Feminist Foreign Policy commitments.
Does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda address the root causes of gender-based violence against women in all their diversity and LGBTIQ people of all genders?
Yes, the NAP aims to address the root causes of gender-based violence by challenging patriarchal norms, cisnormativity, and heteronormativity that perpetuate inequality and discrimination. It includes educational campaigns to transform harmful societal attitudes, training for public officials to address biases, and systemic reforms to improve justice access for LGBTIQ individuals. The plan also targets structural inequalities, such as economic and social barriers, that exacerbate vulnerabilities for women and LGBTIQ people in conflict and post-conflict settings.
What are some innovative approaches in this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
The plan takes an innovative approach by including explicit measures targeting the needs and rights of lesbian, bisexual, and transgender women in its implementation. The plan consistently integrates sexual orientation, gender identity, and expression as key components in its frameworks, ensuring these dimensions are addressed across all thematic areas. It also recognizes violence based on prejudice against sexual orientation, gender identity, and expression as a form of gender-based violence, embedding this understanding in its policies on justice, protection, and prevention. These explicit measures and commitments reflect a transformative approach to inclusion, setting a high standard for integrating LGBTIQ rights into peace and security agendas.
Who is responsible for implementing this National Action Plan?
Ministry of Equality and Equity; Ministry of Justice; Ministry of Defense; Ministry of the Interior; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Labor; Ministry of Education; Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Ministry of Culture; Ministry of Finance and Public Credit; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development; Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development; Ministry of Commerce, Industry, and Tourism; Ministry of Information and Communications Technologies; Ministry of Transportation; National Planning Department (DNP); Colombian Institute of Family Welfare (ICBF); National Police; Military Forces; Special Administrative Unit for the Management of Seized Assets (SAE); Special Jurisdiction for Peace (JEP); Unit for the Search for Persons Deemed Missing (UBPD); Land Restitution Unit; Comprehensive System for Truth, Justice, Reparation, and Non-Repetition; High Council for Gender Equality; National Civil Registry; National Protection Unit (UNP); Colombian Agency for Reintegration and Normalization (ARN); Administrative Department of the Public Function (DAFP); Regional Autonomous Corporations; Office of the Attorney General; Public Ministry (including the Ombudsman's Office and Procurator General's Office); High-Level Forum for Gender Equality (MEG).
Does the monitoring, evaluation, and learning framework explicitly address and include measures for LGBTIQ people of all genders?
Yes. The framework mandates data disaggregation by sexual orientation and gender identity through the Colombian Women’s Observatory and territorial gender observatories to track LGBTIQ contributions and challenges in peacebuilding efforts. It also seeks to monitor capacity-building for LBT leaders in policymaking and peacebuilding, evaluate training for public officials on nonviolent masculinities and prejudice-based violence, and ensure processes to verify risks of violence, including those motivated by prejudice against sexual orientation, gender identity, and expression. Additionally, the framework stipulates dedicated sessions with LBT experts to address risks and discrimination in protection measures, a search strategy to locate missing LBT individuals in conflict contexts, and measures to support Colombia’s transitional justice system, including the Special Jurisdiction for Peace, Unit for the Search for Persons Deemed Missing, and the Truth Commission. These measures are overseen by the Ministry of Equality and Equity, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Defense, Ministry of the Interior, among several others.
What are some areas for improvement for this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
The plan lacks explicit inclusion of intersex people and considerations for sex characteristics, leaving out important dimensions of gender diversity. While the plan includes general references to LGBTIQ people, it does not adequately address the experiences of gay, bisexual, and queer men. Although the focus on women aligns with the agenda’s priorities, integrating a broader understanding of gender-based violence would help target root causes more comprehensively for all genders.
Croatia
Croatia's National Action Plan focuses on enhancing legal protection and support for sexual and gender minorities among refugees and asylum seekers, addressing challenges like human trafficking and forced marriages.
Dates of implementation of the most recent plan: 2019-2023.
How does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda account for inclusion of LGBITQ people of all genders?
Croatia's National Action Plan aims to enhance legal protection and expand social and psychological support for vulnerable groups among refugees and asylum seekers, including sexual and gender minorities, who face challenges such as human trafficking, forced marriages, honor crimes, and genital mutilation.
Does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda address the root causes of gender-based violence against women in all their diversity and LGBTIQ people of all genders?
The plan acknowledges the need for legal reforms to protect all women, including sexual and gender minorities, from sexual and gender-based violence. However, it adheres to a binary vision of gender and lacks a detailed analysis of the structural and cultural underpinnings of violence against LGBTIQ communities, such as binary gender norms, cisnormativity, and heteronormativity. Enhanced attention to these underlying factors is essential for a more comprehensive approach to preventing all forms of gender-based violence.
What are some innovative approaches in this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
The plan addresses cross-cutting issues such as the climate crisis, migration, natural and technological disasters, and terrorism. However, incorporating an LGBTIQ-inclusive approach to how these issues affect people with diverse sexual orientations, gender identities, gender expressions, and sex characteristics would better align with and fortify the goal of addressing all forms of gender-based violence.
Who is responsible for implementing this National Action Plan?
The Ministry of Defence; Ministry of the Interior; Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Justice; Ministry of Science and Education; Office of the National Security Council; Security and Intelligence Agency; Ministry of Croatian War Veterans; Office for Human Rights and Rights of National Minorities; and the Office for Gender Equality.
Does the monitoring, evaluation, and learning framework explicitly address and include measures for LGBTIQ people of all genders?
Partially. The framework includes significant measures aimed at enhancing legal protection and providing psychological and social support to women refugees and sexual and gender minorities. These efforts are overseen by the Ministry of the Interior and the Office for Human Rights and Rights of National Minorities.
What are some areas for improvement for this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
The plan discusses sexual and gender minorities solely in the context of supporting asylum seekers and refugees. There is a significant opportunity to integrate LGBTIQ perspectives more broadly across all sections of the plan. Broadening the plan’s conception and understanding of gender, deepening its analysis of how identity-based violence affects different groups within LGBTIQ communities, and providing specific strategies and implementation measures would enhance the plan's effectiveness.
Cyprus
Cyprus commits to protecting the rights of all citizens and internationally protected persons, including on the basis of sexual orientation and gender, amid ongoing military occupation challenges.
Dates of implementation of the most recent plan: 2021-2025.
How does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda account for inclusion of LGBITQ people of all genders?
In its National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security, Cyprus states that it “remains committed to protecting the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all its citizens and persons enjoying international protection status, regardless of race, gender, social origin, language, religion or beliefs, sexual orientation, disability, etc.” This commitment is emphasized amidst challenges of ongoing military occupation.
Does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda address the root causes of gender-based violence against women in all their diversity and LGBTIQ people of all genders?
The plan acknowledges the challenges posed by military occupation but does not explore how this context intensifies specific vulnerabilities for people of diverse sexual orientations, gender identities, gender expressions, and sex characteristics. The plan includes strategies to reduce gender-based violence and enhance the roles of women in peacebuilding and security. However, it adheres to a gender binary and does not explore the root causes of discrimination and violence against women in all their diversity and LGBTIQ people. These structural and cultural underpinnings of violence—including binary gender norms, cisnormativity, and heteronormativity—must be addressed to work towards preventing all forms of gender-based violence.
What are some innovative approaches in this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
The plan focuses on promoting awareness and education about Resolution 1325 in rural areas.
Who is responsible for implementing this National Action Plan?
The Office of the Commissioner for Gender Equality; Ministry of Foreign Affairs; National Mechanism for Women's Rights; Ministry of Justice and Public Order - Police and the Equality Unit; Ministry of Defense - Armed Forces; Ministry of the Interior - Asylum Service; Department of Population and Immigration Records - Civil Defense; Office of the Commissioner for Administration and Protection of Human Rights; and Office of the Greek Cypriot Negotiator for the Cyprus Conflict.
Does the monitoring, evaluation, and learning framework explicitly address and include measures for LGBTIQ people of all genders?
No. The framework lacks explicit recognition of LGBTIQ communities and does not address diverse sexual orientations, gender identities, expressions, and sex characteristics, highlighting an important area for improvement.
What are some areas for improvement for this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
The plan would benefit from a stronger commitment to LGBTIQ inclusion by explicitly detailing strategies and measures aimed at protecting and empowering LGBTIQ individuals, particularly in relation to the compounded challenges posed by military occupation, armed conflict, and humanitarian crises. The plan should incorporate specific references to gender identity and sex characteristics in order to more effectively combat and dismantle the societal structures, norms, and stereotypes that underlie gender-based violence.
Czech Republic
The Czech Republic’s National Action Plan acknowledges the experiences of sexual violence across all genders, including non-binary individuals, and highlights the exacerbation of discrimination by factors like race, socio-economic status, and gender identity.
Dates of implementation of the most recent plan: 2021-2025
How does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda account for inclusion of LGBITQ people of all genders?
The Czech Republic’s National Action Plan explicitly acknowledges the experiences of sexual violence before, during, and after armed conflicts “not only for women and girls, but also for men and boys and non-binary people.” It emphasizes that discrimination against women “is further exacerbated by the interconnection of social categories such as race, socio-economic status, and gender identity.”
Does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda address the root causes of gender-based violence against women in all their diversity and LGBTIQ people of all genders?
The plan emphasizes the empowerment of women and promotion of gender equality as crucial for sustainable development, human rights, and peace and security. However, it could better address the root causes of all forms of gender-based violence by explicitly outlining the challenges faced by LGBTIQ communities. The plan lacks a detailed analysis of the structural and cultural underpinnings of violence, such as binary gender norms, cisnormativity, and heteronormativity. Enhanced attention to these underlying factors is essential for a more comprehensive approach to preventing all forms of gender-based violence.
What are some innovative approaches in this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
The plan ties the country’s implementation of the WPS agenda with an intent to systematically defend “strong language” in international fora aimed at promoting gender equality and sexual and reproductive health and rights.
Who is responsible for implementing this National Action Plan?
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of the Interior, Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Justice, Government Office, and Czech Development Agency.
Does the monitoring, evaluation, and learning framework explicitly address and include measures for LGBTIQ people of all genders?
No. The framework lacks detailed funding outlines and does not address LGBTIQ communities or diverse sexual orientations, gender identities, expressions, and sex characteristics.
Finland
Finland's National Action Plan explicitly addresses the human security needs of sexual and gender minorities, recognizing the challenges posed by the anti-gender movement and emphasizing the empowerment of diverse women through gender mainstreaming in humanitarian efforts.
Dates of implementation of the most recent plan: 2023-2027
How does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda account for inclusion of LGBITQ people of all genders?
Finland’s National Action Plan addresses the human security of sexual and gender minorities explicitly. It identifies challenges from the anti-gender movement, outlining how this movement opposes the human rights of women and sexual and gender minorities. The plan refers to women in all their diversity and recognizes how women’s opportunities and agency are influenced by many intersecting factors, including “belonging to…a sexual or gender minority.” It commits to supporting activities that empower diverse women. The plan also acknowledges the need for gender mainstreaming in humanitarian assistance efforts, recognizing the disproportionate impact of conflict on vulnerable groups, including sexual and gender minorities.
Does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda address the root causes of gender-based violence against women in all their diversity and LGBTIQ people of all genders?
The plan highlights the importance of incorporating an intersectional approach, considering various intersecting identities—including sexual orientation and gender identity—that influence an individual’s societal positions and access to human security needs. The plan’s focus on satisfying sexual and reproductive health and rights indicates an understanding that social barriers and legal obstacles are among the many root causes of sexual and gender-based violence.
However, the plan could work to better address root causes by acknowledging the structural and cultural underpinnings of gender-based violence against LGBTIQ communities, such as binary gender norms, cisnormativity, and heteronormativity. Addressing these foundational issues is crucial for dismantling the systemic barriers that perpetuate discrimination and violence against LGBTIQ individuals.
What are some innovative approaches in this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
Finland emphasizes the role of digital technologies and online spaces in shaping social participation and human rights advocacy. The plan notes increasing online harassment and violence, particularly gender-based cyber violence such as image-based sexual violence and doxxing, which disproportionately affects women and girls from minority groups, including sexual and gender minorities. It advocates for safe online environments and the integration of a strong gender perspective in the interpretation of international humanitarian law to protect and empower all vulnerable groups effectively. Finland also makes important acknowledgements about the disproportionate impact of conflicts and crises on persons with disabilities, who are at increased risk for sexual and gender-based violence in these contexts.
Who is responsible for implementing this National Action Plan?
The Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Education and Culture, Ministry of Defence, Defence Forces, Ministry of the Interior, Crisis Management Centre (CMC Finland), Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment, and Ministry of the Environment.
Does the monitoring, evaluation, and learning framework explicitly address and include measures for LGBTIQ people of all genders?
Partially. The plan includes five overarching objectives with outcomes and results where women in all their diversity are frequently referenced. In UN fora, “women in all their diversity” is generally considered to be inclusive of LBTIQ women. Only objective four includes a specific measure that explicitly acknowledges sexual and gender minorities. It works to address the special needs of women and girls in vulnerable situations—including those with disabilities, sexual and gender minorities, and older women—in humanitarian settings. It focuses on enhancing the accessibility of humanitarian assistance to ensure these groups receive targeted support. These efforts are designated under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
What are some areas for improvement for this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
While the plan includes references to sexual and gender minorities, it would benefit from specific strategies and measures tailored to different groups within LGBTIQ communities, creating measures for lesbian, bisexual, and queer women; gay, bisexual, and queer men; transgender and non-binary people; and intersex individuals. It would also benefit from further recognizing how gendered violence in conflict settings harms queer men: while there is mention of the invisibility of “men and persons with non-binary gender identity” and sexual violence against men and boys, the plan itself does little to correct for this invisibility. This detailed approach could enhance the effectiveness of interventions by focusing on the unique challenges and barriers faced by different groups, ensuring that participation, protection, prevention, recovery and relief efforts are appropriately targeted, financed, and more impactful.
Germany
Finland's National Action Plan explicitly addresses the human security needs of sexual and gender minorities, recognizing the challenges posed by the anti-gender movement and emphasizing the empowerment of diverse women through gender mainstreaming in humanitarian efforts.
Dates of implementation of the most recent plan: 2023-2027
How does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda account for inclusion of LGBTIQ people of all genders?
Germany's National Action Plan “acknowledges the vulnerability of lesbians, homosexuals, bisexuals, trans, and inter-sexual people” to sexual and gender-based violence and discrimination, especially in conflict and post-conflict settings. It emphasizes a gender-transformative approach, inclusive of “women, girls and persons who identify as non-binary and are of diverse sexual orientation,” that addresses unfair and discriminatory social standards. The plan includes explicit target indicators to protect and support LGBTI human rights activists.
Does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda address the root causes of gender-based violence against women in all their diversity and LGBTIQ people of all genders?
The plan adopts a gender-transformative approach to tackle the root causes of sexual and gender-based violence, explicitly stating that such violence stems from “violent gender standards” and unequal power structures that discriminate against women, girls and persons who identify as non-binary and are of diverse sexual orientation. This includes working to address issues of compound discrimination, based on the recognition that “people of one gender do not form a homogenous group,” in order to “leave no one behind,” in line with the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
What are some innovative approaches in this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
The plan commits Germany to protection and support for “women’s rights and LGBTI campaigners.” The plan champions a human rights-based approach, underscoring the principle of human security to reinforce the peace, development, and human rights nexus. Additionally, it employs a gender-transformative approach aimed at challenging and reshaping societal norms and attitudes towards diverse gender and sexual identities. It reads as inclusive of LGBTI people of all genders, including queer men, who are disproportionately impacted by armed conflict.
Who is responsible for implementing this National Action Plan?
The Federal Foreign Office; Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth; Federal Ministry of the Interior; Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection; Federal Ministry of Defence; and Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Does the monitoring, evaluation, and learning framework explicitly address and include measures for LGBTIQ people of all genders?
Yes. LGBTI people are explicitly referenced in several targets and measures across six priority areas. Under crisis prevention, the plan aims to eradicate discriminatory, binary, and gender-based stereotypes that promote violence and conflict, fostering a non-violent approach to handling disputes. It strives to provide protection and support to local women’s rights organizations, human rights defenders, peacebuilders, and LGBTI activists, helping them to work more effectively and sustainably. Measures include promoting an understanding of gender based on equality and providing political and material support for the work of women’s organizations and LGBTI activists, while paying special attention to intersectionality and compound discrimination.
Under participation, the plan targets “strengthening political involvement by women and people who identify as non-binary on all levels in fragile settings and (post-)confict societies.”
Under protection and support, the framework focuses on providing comprehensive and appropriate long-term support for victims of sexual and gender-based violence, ensuring their access to justice, including transitional justice. Specific measures aim to improve protection for women refugees, children, LGBTI individuals, and other particularly vulnerable groups in Germany, and include providing comprehensive medical advice, mental health, and psychosocial support that takes into account the context and trauma of those affected.
The section on strengthening the Women, Peace, and Security agenda emphasizes Germany's commitment to opposing any lapses in equal rights for women and LGBTI people and to prominently advocate for sexual and reproductive health and rights on a bilateral and international level.
Lastly, the priority area for increasing institutional integration and capacities includes measures to ensure that social diversity is reflected in the German government’s staff development, striving for improved equal opportunities for all genders.
What are some areas for improvement for this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
The plan embraces the principle of "Leave No One Behind," recognizing diverse identities and the particular vulnerabilities faced by non-binary individuals and those of diverse sexual orientations. However, the plan could benefit from delineating more specific and actionable measures tailored to the distinct needs of different groups within LGBTIQ communities. A more detailed approach could enhance the effectiveness of interventions by focusing on the unique challenges and barriers faced by different groups, ensuring that participation, protection, prevention, and recovery and relief efforts are appropriately targeted, financed, and more impactful.
Japan
Japan’s National Action Plan incorporates intersectional considerations, including sexual orientation and gender identity, in efforts to address discrimination and promote gender equality in peacebuilding, security, and humanitarian efforts.
Dates of implementation of the most recent plan: 2023-2028
How does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda account for inclusion of LGBITQ people of all genders?
Japan's National Action Plan recognizes the importance of addressing discrimination from an intersectional perspective, including considerations related to sexual orientation and gender identity. It acknowledges that women and girls may face diverse forms of discrimination and violence influenced by their sexual orientation and gender identity, among other attributes like ethnicity, religion, and socio-economic status. The plan commits to integrating these intersectional considerations into its implementation of the Women, Peace, and Security agenda, aiming to further promote gender equality.
Does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda address the root causes of gender-based violence against women in all their diversity and LGBTIQ people of all genders?
The plan reflects a commitment to addressing gender-based discrimination and disparities. However, while the plan emphasizes the importance of diverse attributes and intersectionality, it does not specifically delve into the structural and cultural underpinnings of violence against LGBTIQ communities. A more detailed exploration of how societal norms such as cisnormativity and heteronormativity contribute to violence would enhance the plan. Expanding the focus to explicitly address these root causes of all forms of gender-based violence would provide a more holistic approach to the challenges faced by LGBTIQ people of all genders.
What are some innovative approaches in this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
The plan aims to strengthen the implementation of the WPS agenda through comprehensive education and training programs focused on women's human rights and gender equality. To institutionalize these efforts, Japan plans to appoint a gender officer in every government department, ensuring that gender perspectives are consistently integrated across various levels. While these steps are forward-thinking, the plan could be further strengthened by more explicitly including LGBTIQ communities when discussing gender. Ensuring that discussions about gender explicitly address the experiences and needs of LGBTIQ people would further innovate these efforts.
Who is responsible for implementing this National Action Plan?
The Cabinet Office (including the Disaster Risk Reduction Bureau and Gender Equality Bureau); Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Defense; National Police Agency; Fire and Disaster Management Agency; Japan Coast Guard; Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA, including the International Emergency Relief Team); Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology; and Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare.
Does the monitoring, evaluation, and learning framework explicitly address and include measures for LGBTIQ people of all genders?
No. The framework does not make explicit references to LGBTIQ communities.
The Netherlands
The Netherlands' National Action Plan emphasizes gender diversity and meaningful participation of all marginalized groups, including LGBTQI+ individuals. It aims to address unique challenges in conflict zones and asylum processes with a commitment to systemic reforms for more inclusive societies.
Dates of implementation of the most recent plan: 2021-2025
How does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda account for inclusion of LGBITQ people of all genders?
The Netherlands' National Action Plan integrates a strong focus on gender diversity, committing to “ensure that the different needs and vulnerabilities of women, men, gender non-binary people, minors and LGBTQI+ people are adequately taken into account in the complexities of humanitarian crises,” in asylum policy, and in access to justice. The plan emphasizes the meaningful participation of all marginalized groups, recognizing that factors like ethnicity, religion, age, education, and sexual orientation can compound experiences of violence and discrimination. It commits to protecting all survivors of gender-based violence, specifically highlighting the unique challenges faced by LGBTQI+ people in conflict zones and during asylum processes. The plan underlines the need for systemic reforms to tackle issues like militarization and the proliferation of small arms, which disproportionately affect marginalized communities.
Does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda address the root causes of gender-based violence against women in all their diversity and LGBTIQ people of all genders?
The plan underscores the significance of tackling deep-seated gender norms and structures of patriarchy that perpetuate inequality and violence. It identifies these patriarchal systems as including not just restrictive gender roles but also broader societal oppressions rooted in racism, colonial histories, and socioeconomic inequalities. The plan emphasizes the need to reorganize power structures to foster more inclusive and peaceful societies. To dismantle these entrenched barriers, the Netherlands seeks to promote the empowerment and participation of “women and girls in all their diversity,” acknowledging the compounded marginalization experienced by those also discriminated against due to ethnicity, disability, sexual orientation, or migrant status.
The plan specifically includes LGBTQI+ people by acknowledging their heightened vulnerability in conflict settings and their need for targeted protections. It commits to an intersectional approach in humanitarian and asylum procedures, particularly emphasizing the safety of LGBTQI+ asylum seekers. This is evident in policies that aim to provide a safe reception and asylum process, ensuring that mental healthcare and psychosocial support are attuned to the needs of LGBTQI+ individuals. There is room for a more detailed exploration of how structural and cultural underpinnings of gender-based violence against LGBTQI+ people, like heteronormativity and cisnormativity, specifically affect these communities. A deeper focus on these specific root causes would enhance the plan's effectiveness in addressing all forms of gender-based violence, ensuring that interventions are responsive to the needs of LGBTQI+ communities.
What are some innovative approaches in this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
The plan frames its initiatives within the concept of human security, which underscores the interconnectedness of peace and security, human rights, and development. This approach ensures that policies not only aim to address immediate needs but also tackle the structural issues that underpin conflicts and crises. The plan also acknowledges the unique vulnerabilities of transgender and non-binary activists who often face targeted violence, including sexual violence, harassment, and murder. By adopting a survivor-centered, holistic approach to protection, the plan aims to ensure that interventions are responsive to the nuanced needs of all survivors, regardless of gender identity.
Who is responsible for implementing this National Action Plan?
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Ministry of Defence; Ministry of Justice and Security; Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science; the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations of Netherlands; Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment; and National Police Corps.
Does the monitoring, evaluation, and learning framework explicitly address and include measures for LGBTIQ people of all genders?
Yes. While the framework as a whole embraces an intersectional gender approach, LGBTQI+ people are only explicitly referenced in the protection and relief domains. For example, sub-outcome 3.1 seeks to identify best practices and challenges drawn from policies and initiatives on protection
and how they affect/benefit women, men, boys, girls and gender non-binary refugees or asylum seekers from countries affected by armed conflict. Sub-outcome 3.4 focuses on creating a gender-sensitive and transformative asylum policy, with special considerations for unaccompanied women, minors, and LGBTQI+ asylum seekers. Sub-outcome 4.3 emphasizes the need for conflict-sensitive and gender-responsive humanitarian responses that foreground local women's organizations and consider the varied needs of LGBTQI+ individuals.
What are some areas for improvement for this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
While the plan references sexual orientation and gender identity, it does not comprehensively acknowledge gender expression and sex characteristics. Future revisions should incorporate these categories to more effectively combat and dismantle the societal structures, norms, and stereotypes that underlie gender-based violence. Moreover, the plan would benefit from specific strategies and measures tailored to different groups within LGBTIQ communities, creating measures for lesbian, bisexual, and queer women; gay, bisexual, and queer men; transgender and non-binary people; and intersex individuals. This detailed approach could enhance the effectiveness of interventions by focusing on the unique challenges and barriers faced by different groups, ensuring that participation, protection, prevention, and recovery and relief efforts are appropriately targeted, financed, and more impactful.
Serbia
Serbia's National Action Plan acknowledges the specific challenges faced by multiply discriminated groups, including women with different sexual orientations and gender identities, focusing on enhancing security and overcoming societal prejudices.
Dates of implementation of the most recent plan: 2017-2020
How does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda account for inclusion of LGBITQ people of all genders?
Serbia's National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security acknowledges the specific challenges faced by “multiply discriminated groups” within the country. A report by Serbia’s Commissioner for Protection of Equality, as referenced in the plan, draws attention to multiply discriminated women exposed to security risks, focusing on “women with disabilities, Roma women, women older than 50 years, women refugees and internally displaced women, rural women, single mothers, women from minority groups, women victims of violence, women of different sexual orientation or gender identity and women from underdeveloped rural areas.”
Does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda address the root causes of gender-based violence against women in all their diversity and LGBTIQ people of all genders?
The plan highlights efforts to overcome stereotypes and prejudices that contribute to the stigmatization of survivors, an important step toward addressing the societal attitudes that underpin gender-based violence. The plan also focuses on the vulnerabilities of multiply discriminated groups, including women with different sexual orientations and gender identities. However, the plan does not delve into the structural and societal factors that perpetuate discrimination and violence. A more robust exploration of the root causes—such as entrenched patriarchal norms and broader societal power dynamics—is necessary. Detailing how binary gender norms, cisnormativity, and heteronormativity generate violence against LGBTIQ people of all genders would help uncover the root causes of all forms of gender-based violence.
Who is responsible for implementing this National Action Plan?
The Ministry of Defence; Ministry of Interior; Ministry of Justice; Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development; and the Coordination Body for Gender Equality. Additional partners include the Commissioner for Protection of Equality; the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia; and various local self-government units.
Does the monitoring, evaluation, and learning framework explicitly address and include measures for LGBTIQ people of all genders?
No. There are no specific measures that explicitly outline LGBTIQ inclusion.
What are some areas for improvement for this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
While the plan acknowledges diverse sexual orientations and gender identities, it lacks explicit mentions of gender expression and sex characteristics. Incorporating these categories would broaden the scope of LGBTIQ inclusion. Additionally, the plan would benefit from more explicit measures tailored to the unique needs of LGBTIQ communities. Although the plan mentions multiple discriminations, specific strategies and dedicated funding to address the particular vulnerabilities of LGBTIQ individuals are not clearly outlined. A detailed approach, complete with adequate funding, would significantly improve the effectiveness of interventions. These improvements would ensure that participation, protection, prevention, and recovery efforts are appropriately targeted and impactful, addressing the unique challenges and barriers faced by different groups within LGBTIQ communities.
South Africa
South Africa's National Action Plan includes a commitment to protecting LGBTIQA+ individuals, addressing discrimination, violence, and the specific challenges faced by gender non-conforming persons in conflict and post-conflict settings. The plan focuses on advocacy, education, and inclusive relief efforts to promote gender equality and social justice.
Dates of implementation of the most recent plan: 2020-2025
How does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda account for inclusion of LGBITQ people of all genders?
South Africa’s National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security reflects a commitment to gender sensitivity, notably applying all aspects of the WPS agenda, including participation, prevention, protection, and relief, to “women, girls, and gender non-conforming persons.” The plan refers to relief and recovery efforts as a pillar that works to “redress the impact of conflict and other humanitarian and natural disasters on women, men, and gender non-conforming persons.”
The plan notes that the “lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, intersex, queer, asexual and other (LGBTIQA+) community” is routinely subjected to “discrimination, harassment and violence, despite the Constitution's guaranteeing the rights to safety regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity.” It underscores the need for continued advocacy and education to dismantle enduring stereotypes and inequities. The plan’s overall approach seeks to ensure that peace and security efforts are interwoven with strategies to achieve gender equality and social justice, and affirm the dignity and rights of every individual.
The plan adopts an inclusive definition of gender: “Most societies construct gender according to two distinct and opposite categories: boy/man/male, girl/woman/female. However, gender is along a continuum, and is not limited to just two possibilities. A person may have a non-gender identity, meaning they do not identify strictly as a boy or a girl, man or woman, but they could identify as both, or neither, or as another gender entirely.”
Does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda address the root causes of gender-based violence against women in all their diversity and LGBTIQ people of all genders?
The plan recognizes that entrenched patriarchal norms and systemic gender inequities are major drivers of violence and discrimination against women and gender non-conforming individuals. It points out that these issues are exacerbated by persistent stereotypes, harmful cultural practices, and a lack of adequate legal enforcement that often leaves victims without proper recourse. Economic disparities also play a crucial role, as women, particularly those in rural areas, face higher rates of poverty, unemployment, and limited access to resources, which diminishes their agency and increases their vulnerability to violence. The plan underscores the need for comprehensive economic empowerment strategies to address these disparities.
Furthermore, the legacy of apartheid, ongoing racial tensions, and xenophobia are highlighted as contributing factors that exacerbate gender-based violence and inequity, making the social landscape even more challenging for vulnerable groups, including LGBTIQA+ communities. South Africa's approach involves not only seeking to strengthen legal frameworks and law enforcement but also promote educational and awareness campaigns aimed at changing societal attitudes and norms. However, the plan lacks a detailed analysis of the challenges faced by LGBTIQ communities, such as binary gender norms, cisnormativity, and heteronormativity. Enhanced attention to these underlying factors is essential for a more comprehensive approach to preventing all forms of gender-based violence.
What are some innovative approaches in this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
Within the protection and prevention pillars of its implementation efforts, the plan states that it will “Protect the LGBTIQA communities by providing awareness and psychosocial programmes and dedicated social services” and “Employ protective measures generated by innovative technology and transitional safe houses, etc,” although it does not specify what innovative technologies would protect queer communities. Additionally, the prevention strategies focus on developing “awareness programmes and concrete measures to address the violent expressions of homophobia.”
Who is responsible for implementing this National Action Plan?
The Department of International Relations and Cooperation; South African National Defence Force; South African Police Service; Department of Justice and Constitutional Development; Department of Social Development; Department of Women, Youth, and Persons with Disabilities; Department of Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation; Department of Public Service and Administration; National Treasury; and the Department of Health. Additional key partners in the implementation process include the Human Rights Commission, the Commission for Gender Equality, Statistics South Africa, and the South African Local Government Association.
Does the monitoring, evaluation, and learning framework explicitly address and include measures for LGBTIQ people of all genders?
Yes. Under the prevention pillar and its objective on instituting preventative measures for building a safe society for women, girls and gender non-conforming persons, the framework includes an activity committed to developing awareness programs and concrete measures to address violent expressions of homophobia. Under the protection pillar and its objective of leveraging technology to provide basic protective measures for the vulnerable, the framework includes an activity committed to leveraging technology and social services to enhance the safety and wellbeing of LGBTIQA+ communities. Specifically, it incorporates the use of innovative technology and transitional safe houses to protect these communities.
What are some areas for improvement for this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
The plan makes notable strides in including transgender and intersex individuals, yet there remains room for improvement in comprehensively addressing the categories of gender identity, gender expression, and sex characteristics. While the plan’s implementation outlines two specific activities targeting the LGBTIQA+ communities, it would benefit from the development of specialized strategies and measures tailored to the distinct needs within LGBTIQA+ communities. The plan does not recognize ways in which conflict and insecurity specifically impact queer men and boys, in addition to women, girls, and gender non-conforming persons. Introducing specific initiatives for lesbian, bisexual, and queer women; gay, bisexual, and queer men; transgender and non-binary people; and intersex individuals, can help the plan more effectively address the unique challenges and barriers these groups face.
Spain
Spain's National Action Plan acknowledges the need to protect women and girls from discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity.
Dates of implementation of the most recent plan: 2017-2023
How does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda account for inclusion of LGBITQ people of all genders?
Spain's National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security mentions the need to protect women and girls from discrimination, including based on sexual orientation and gender identity, particularly in crisis scenarios. This acknowledgment is important, though the plan provides limited detail on specific measures to safeguard LGBTIQ human rights. The inclusion of sexual orientation and gender identity highlights an awareness of these issues, but further detail and commitment in implementation are necessary to fully support LGBTIQ people of all genders, especially during crises.
Does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda address the root causes of gender-based violence against women in all their diversity and LGBTIQ people of all genders?
The plan integrates a gender perspective across all peacebuilding efforts, underscoring the need to address systemic gender inequities that deepen during conflicts. The plan emphasizes safeguarding the rights of women and girls in crisis scenarios, including access to sexual and reproductive health, education, and freedom from discrimination. However, the plan provides minimal detail on LGBTIQ communities. Women with diverse sexual orientations and gender identities are mentioned only once. There is a need for a more nuanced and comprehensive strategy that recognizes and addresses the specific vulnerabilities faced by LBTQ women, and LGBTIQ people of all genders, ensuring that peace and security measures meaningfully work toward addressing all forms of gender-based violence.
What are some innovative approaches in this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
The plan “draws its inspiration from the integral concept of security that puts human security at its very heart, without abandoning the traditional state-centric concept of security,” and prioritizes the protection of fundamental freedoms and the fulfillment of human lives.
Who is responsible for implementing this National Action Plan?
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation; Ministry of Defence; Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sport; Ministry of the Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness; Ministry of the Interior; Ministry of Justice; Ministry of Health, Social Services, and Equality; and Ministry of Employment and Social Security.
Does the monitoring, evaluation, and learning framework explicitly address and include measures for LGBTIQ people of all genders?
No. The framework does not explicitly mention measures for LGBTIQ communities, which suggests an area for future enhancement to ensure broader gender perspectives in the plan's implementation.
What are some areas for improvement for this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
The plan’s only acknowledgment of LGBTIQ people is in a brief reference to protecting women and girls’ “right to freedom from persecution or discrimination due to… sexual orientation or gender identity.” The plan doesn’t acknowledge the gendered impacts of conflict on queer men, nonbinary people, or intersex people. Future revisions would benefit from explicitly acknowledging these categories and outlining different groups within LGBTIQ communities. This includes lesbian, bisexual, and queer women; gay, bisexual, and queer men; transgender and non-binary people; and intersex individuals. By delineating specific and actionable measures tailored to the diverse needs of these groups, the plan can ensure that participation, protection, prevention, and recovery and relief efforts are more effectively targeted and financed. Such detailed strategies would address the unique challenges and barriers faced by different groups within LGBTIQ communities and enhance the overall impact of interventions.
Sweden
Sweden's National Action Plan briefly commits to highlighting and supporting “particularly marginalized groups, such as women with disabilities, LGBTI persons, young people and older people.”
Dates of implementation of the most recent plan: 2024-2028
How does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda account for inclusion of LGBITQ people of all genders?
Sweden's National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security is a short document that briefly commits to highlighting and supporting “particularly marginalized groups, such as women with disabilities, LGBTI persons, young people and older people.”
Does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda address the root causes of gender-based violence against women in all their diversity and LGBTIQ people of all genders?
The plan identifies a lack of gender equality “ between different groups of women and men, and girls and boys” as “a root cause of and a driving factor for instability and conflict.” However, the plan would benefit from a deeper exploration of patriarchal structures, power dynamics, and entrenched gender norms and stereotypes to more comprehensively address the root causes of gender-based violence.
Moreover, the plan could work to better address root causes by acknowledging the structural and cultural underpinnings of gender-based violence against LGBTI communities, such as binary gender norms, cisnormativity, and heteronormativity. Addressing these foundational issues is crucial for dismantling the systemic barriers that perpetuate discrimination and violence against LGBTI individuals.
Who is responsible for implementing this National Action Plan?
The Swedish National Courts Administration, Folke Bernadotte Academy, Swedish Defence University, Swedish Armed Forces, Swedish Gender Equality Agency, Swedish Prison and Probation Service, Swedish Coast Guard, Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency, Swedish Police Authority, Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Swedish Defence Research Agency, and the Swedish Prosecution Authority.
Does the monitoring, evaluation, and learning framework explicitly address and include measures for LGBTIQ people of all genders?
No, as a framework is not included in the plan. Instead, the plan mandates that involved government bodies report annually on the operationalization of the WPS strategy. These reports, the format of which will be established through respective implementing ministries, aim to streamline the current reporting structure and will focus on outcomes rather than the activities implemented. Funding allocations are also not outlined in the plan.
What are some areas for improvement for this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
The plan articulates that Sweden will “highlight and support” LGBTI individuals, but provides no further detail. Future versions of the plan should delineate specific groups within LGBTIQ communities, such as lesbian, bisexual, and queer women; gay, bisexual, and queer men; transgender and non-binary people; and intersex individuals,” and tailoring measures to these groups according to the specific ways in which they are impacted by conflict and crisis. Additionally, establishing a robust monitoring and evaluation framework with clear activities, funding, indicators, and implementing actors would significantly improve accountability and the overall impact of the plan.
Switzerland
Switzerland's National Action Plan briefly mentions LGBTI individuals, urging support for vulnerable groups like LGBTI activists.
Dates of implementation of the most recent plan: 2018-2022
How does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda account for inclusion of LGBITQ people of all genders?
Switzerland's National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security mentions LGBTI individuals, but only once and only within an endnote that urges Swiss representations abroad to “be committed to supporting women HRDs and all of those who actively promote the rights of women and of other particularly vulnerable groups, such as ethnic minorities, indigenous peoples, migrants, LGBTI and land rights activists.”
Does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda address the root causes of gender-based violence against women in all their diversity and LGBTIQ people of all genders?
While the plan addresses various dimensions of gender-based violence, it adheres to a binary vision of gender and could improve by explicitly discussing all forms of gender-based violence, including those based on sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, and sex characteristics. A more robust exploration of root causes like entrenched patriarchal norms and broader societal power dynamics is necessary. Detailing how binary gender norms, cisnormativity, and heteronormativity generate violence against LGBTIQ people of all genders would help better uncover the root causes of all forms of gender-based violence.
Who is responsible for implementing this National Action Plan?
The Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, the Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport, the Federal Department of Home Affairs, and the Federal Department of Justice and Police. Additional oversight is provided by Swiss missions in key international cities such as New York, Geneva, Vienna, Brussels, and Addis Ababa.
Does the monitoring, evaluation, and learning framework explicitly address and include measures for LGBTIQ people of all genders?
No. The lack of detailed budgeting and specific references to LGBTIQ individuals highlights areas where the monitoring and evaluation framework could be enhanced to ensure a broader range of gendered considerations are addressed and adequately funded.
What are some areas for improvement for this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
The plan only makes a single reference to LGBTI people in an endnote and lacks specific mentions of sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, and sex characteristics. Future revisions would benefit from incorporating LGBTI communities throughout the plan, explicitly acknowledging identity categories, and outlining different groups within LGBTI communities. Additionally, Switzerland’s commitment to supporting national-level transitional justice efforts and the International Criminal Court could extend to advocating for the legal framing of gender persecution to include conflict-related violence against LGBTIQ people of all genders, enhancing legal protections and accountability measures.
Timor Leste
Timor Leste's National Action Plan included a consultative process that involved LGBTIQ+ communities. The plan aims to increase participation of diverse women in leadership roles within the security, defense, and justice sectors.
Dates of implementation of the most recent plan: 2024-2028
How does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda account for inclusion of LGBITQ people of all genders?
Timor Leste's National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security was produced through a consultative process involving “representatives of vulnerable groups, including rural women, women with disabilities, women survivors of past conflicts, persons with disabilities and the LGBTIQ + community.” The plan aims to increase the participation of “women in all their diversity in leadership and decision-making roles within the security, defense, and justice sectors at both local and national levels.”
Does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda address the root causes of gender-based violence against women in all their diversity and LGBTIQ people of all genders?
While the plan discusses structural barriers, discriminatory practices, and cultural norms that hinder women’s participation and leadership, it could be enhanced by addressing how these norms also affect LGBTIQ communities. A critique of binary gender norms and hetero- and cis- normative structures is essential, as these underpin all gender-based violence against women as well as gender-based violence experienced by LGBTIQ people on the basis of their sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, and sex characteristics.
What are some innovative approaches in this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
The plan outlines initiatives to expand access to HIV/AIDS and STI testing facilities, enhancing health services for all citizens, including vulnerable groups within the security sector.
Who is responsible for implementing this National Action Plan?
The Ministry of Justice; Ministry of Interior; Ministry of Defence and Timor Leste Defence Force; Ministry of Social Solidarity and Inclusion; Ministry of Justice, Decentralization, and Local Administration; Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation; Secretary of State for Equality and Inclusion; National Police of Timor Leste; Anti-Corruption Commission; National Electoral Commission; the Secretary of State for Social Communication; the Judicial System Monitoring Programme; and the Office for the Promotion of Equality.
Does the monitoring, evaluation, and learning framework explicitly address and include measures for LGBTIQ people of all genders?
No. The framework lacks specific measures for addressing the needs of LGBTIQ communities.
What are some areas for improvement for this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
The plan acknowledges the involvement LGBTIQ people in its initial consultations, but their specific issues and needs are largely absent from the broader strategies outlined in the document. To address gender-based violence more effectively, the plan should explicitly include concerns related to sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, and sex characteristics. Additionally, the plan could be enhanced by delineating specific groups within LGBTIQ communities, such as lesbian, bisexual, and queer women; gay, bisexual, and queer men; transgender and non-binary people; and intersex individuals. Tailoring specific and actionable measures to the diverse needs of these groups would ensure that participation, protection, prevention, and recovery and relief efforts are more effectively targeted and financed, which would enhance the overall impact of interventions.
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom’s National Action Plan recognizes that LGBT+ people face unique vulnerabilities to gender-based violence in conflict settings, often experiencing multiple and overlapping forms of discrimination based on their several identities. The plan commits to addressing the specific barriers "LGBT+ women" face in accessing justice and protection.
Dates of implementation of the most recent plan: 2023-2027
How does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda account for inclusion of LGBITQ people of all genders?
The United Kingdom’s National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security considers “women and girls in all their diversity” and recognizes that they may “face multiple and overlapping forms of discrimination based on their sexual orientation, gender identity, race, ethnicity, class, religion or belief, and disability, which can create unique challenges in conflict contexts. The plan highlights the fact that “LGBT+ people can be particularly vulnerable” to gender-based violence, including through online targeting; that such violence is perpetrated against people of different genders according to different patterns rooted in harmful gender norms; and that “LGBT+ women” may face specific barriers in access to justice and protection.
Does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda address the root causes of gender-based violence against women in all their diversity and LGBTIQ people of all genders?
The plan recognizes the root causes of gender-based violence as deeply entrenched in gendered power imbalances, pervasive gender inequality, and the harmful social norms that sustain patriarchal power structures. These issues exacerbate gender-based violence during conflicts when protective and governance structures are compromised. The plan acknowledges that these dynamics prevent women and girls in all their diversity, including those from LGBT+ communities, from fully participating in decision-making and peace processes. It highlights that LGBT+ individuals are particularly vulnerable to gender-based violence, driven by harmful interpretations of masculinity and power. However, while the plan acknowledges the vulnerabilities of LGBT+ individuals to gender-based violence, it could more robustly detail the specific societal norms, stereotypes, and patriarchal structures that disproportionately affect these communities. Expanding this focus would more effectively combat all forms of gender-based violence across diverse groups.
Who is responsible for implementing this National Action Plan?
The Ministry of Defence; the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office; the Scottish Government; the Northern Ireland Office; the Home Office; the Ministry of Justice; and the Northern Ireland Executive. Additional support comes from the Conflict, Stability and Security Fund.
Does the monitoring, evaluation, and learning framework explicitly address and include measures for LGBTIQ people of all genders?
Partially. Under the priority "Strengthen UK Government WPS Analysis" of the monitoring and evaluation framework, the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office is expected to lead initiatives to enhance understanding of gender-diverse people's experiences in conflict and their relationship with the WPS agenda.
What are some areas for improvement for this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
The plan acknowledges LGBT+ communities but could benefit from more detailed and targeted implementation activities. Intersex people are entirely absent from the plan. Specific strategies tailored to distinct groups—such as lesbian, bisexual, queer women; gay, bisexual, queer men; transgender and non-binary people; and intersex individuals—are necessary. By delineating measures that address the unique challenges and barriers faced by these groups, the plan could ensure that participation, protection, prevention, and recovery efforts are more effectively targeted and financed. Enhancing specificity in this way would improve both the impact and inclusiveness of the interventions, fostering broader and more meaningful engagement across all areas of the plan.
United States
The United States' National Action Plan recognizes that LGBTQI+ individuals face intersecting forms of discrimination and are particularly vulnerable to gender-based violence, including technology-facilitated abuse and reprisals against public figures. The plan also highlights the growing threat of authoritarian regimes that criminalize LGBTQI+ identities, which undermines democratic principles and international peace efforts.
Dates of implementation of the most recent plan: 2023
How does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda account for inclusion of LGBITQ people of all genders?
The United States, in its National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security, highlights the importance of addressing intersecting forms of discrimination that impact women and girls. It defines gender-based violence inclusively as “any harmful threat or act directed at an individual or group based on actual or perceived sex, gender, gender identity or expression, sex characteristics, sexual orientation, and/or lack of adherence to varying socially constructed norms around masculinity and femininity,” and points out that “women, girls, and gender non-conforming individuals face disproportionate levels of GBV due to their unequal status in society.”
The United States recognizes the unique vulnerabilities of LGBTQI+ political and public figures who face targeted reprisals, intimidation, and abuse, including technology-facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV). Additionally, the NAP notes the troubling trend of authoritarian regimes criminalizing LGBTQI+ identities, which exacerbates the challenges faced by these communities, undermining democratic principles and international peace efforts. The inclusion of LGBTQI+ perspectives is positioned as crucial for the effectiveness and comprehensiveness of U.S. foreign policy and national security strategies, aiming to model and promote inclusive governance and democratic values internationally.
Does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda address the root causes of gender-based violence against women in all their diversity and LGBTIQ people of all genders?
The plan recognizes that gender-based violence against women, including those facing intersecting forms of discrimination based on factors such as “race, gender, age, religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity, national origin, socioeconomic status, language, location, and disability, among others,” can contribute to unique experiences. The plan states that gender-based violence is fundamentally rooted in gender inequality, highlights how a lack of adherence to rigid socially constructed norms around masculinity and femininity can drive conflict-related violence, and suggests that interventions need to be adaptable, responsive, and rooted in an understanding of these complex dynamics.
Diving deeper into the unique vulnerabilities and forms of discrimination faced by lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex individuals could enhance the overall strategy. By broadening the scope to explicitly tackle harmful binary gender norms and cis- and hetero- normativity, the United States could more effectively uncover and begin to rectify the root causes of all forms of gender-based violence.
Who is responsible for implementing this National Action Plan?
The Departments of State, Defense, and Homeland Security, as well as the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).
Does the monitoring, evaluation, and learning framework explicitly address and include measures for LGBTIQ people of all genders?
No. However, the plan includes a logic framework that implementing government bodies are instructed to adhere to. This logic framework is divided among the NAP’s five Lines of Effort: Participation; Protection; Relief, Response, and Recovery; Integration and Institutionalization; and Partnerships. The logic framework’s priorities do not make explicit reference to LGBTQI+ communities, though references to an intersectional gender approach are made. The Departments of State, Defense, and Homeland Security, as well as the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) are set to develop and provide to the White House and Congress detailed WPS implementation plans that provide department and agency specific objectives with associated action or tasks, milestones, and anticipated timelines for activities that implement the government-wide NAP’s Lines of Efforts.
What are some areas for improvement for this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
The plan notably omits a section dedicated to the prevention pillar of the WPS agenda. Additionally, while the plan employs an intersectional approach, it could benefit from explicitly acknowledging and working to address the unique challenges faced by LGBTQI+ communities. This includes delineating specific groups within these communities, such as lesbian, bisexual, queer women; gay, bisexual, queer men; transgender, non-binary, and intersex individuals. Tailored strategies are essential to effectively address the specific types of gender-based violence and discrimination these groups encounter. Moreover, since implementing government bodies are set to create individual implementation plans and monitoring, evaluation, and learning frameworks, these bodies will need to outline activities, outcomes, and financial allocations that explicitly work to benefit LGBTQI+ individuals.
Uruguay
Uruguay's National Action Plan adopts an intersectional approach to human security, emphasizing equality and non-discrimination for all, including LGBTIQ+ individuals, in addressing compounded inequalities.
Dates of implementation of the most recent plan: 2021-2024
How does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda account for inclusion of LGBITQ people of all genders?
Uruguay's National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security adopts an inclusive, intersectional approach to human security, recognizing the right of all individuals to “fully develop their human potential.” This approach is grounded in the principles of equality and non-discrimination, as underscored by the Human Rights Council's Resolution 32/2, which reaffirms the rights and dignity of all people, regardless of gender identity or sexual orientation. The plan emphasizes the importance of addressing compounded inequalities that heighten rights violations, including considerations of race, ethnicity, disability, gender identity, social class, and territoriality.
Does this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda address the root causes of gender-based violence against women in all their diversity and LGBTIQ people of all genders?
The plan frames its approach to gender-based violence within a broad human security perspective, which encompasses civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights. The plan emphasizes a holistic understanding of security, which is crucial for overcoming widespread challenges affecting human survival, livelihood, and dignity. However, while it seeks to adopt an intersectional lens in addressing gender-based violence, there is a limited explicit focus on the specific root causes affecting LGBTIQ individuals. There is no detailed exploration of how people with diverse sexual orientations, gender identities and expressions, and sex characteristics face vulnerabilities to gender-based violence Addressing these nuanced elements would provide a stronger foundation for effectively tackling the root causes of all forms of gender-based violence.
What are some innovative approaches in this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
The plan has a strategic focus on youth engagement and international leadership. Recognizing young people as key agents for change, Uruguay actively encourages their involvement in shaping societal, environmental, and cultural developments.
Who is responsible for implementing this National Action Plan?
The Ministry of National Defense, Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, National Women's Institute, and Secretariat of Human Rights.
Does the monitoring, evaluation, and learning framework explicitly address and include measures for LGBTIQ people of all genders?
No. The framework lacks explicit references to the inclusion and specific concerns of LGBTIQ+ communities within its objectives. However, one notable activity within the NAP focuses on developing a national campaign to promote shared responsibilities, non-hegemonic masculinities, and overcoming barriers that hinder greater participation of women in various public spheres.
What are some areas for improvement for this National Action Plan on the Women, Peace, and Security agenda?
The plan does not explicitly include considerations for intersex individuals, nor does it adequately address the broad spectrum of issues pertaining to sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, and sex characteristics. While it recognizes discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, the plan primarily maintains a binary framework and addresses issues impacting women, girls, and adolescents, not accounting for gendered impacts of conflict on queer men and nonbinary people. Incorporating explicit references and targeted strategies for all groups that face gendered violence and exclusion is crucial for a genuinely inclusive approach. Moreover, the monitoring and evaluation framework needs refinement to include specific metrics and indicators that capture the impact of the plan’s initiatives across all sexual orientations, gender identities and expressions, and sex characteristics, with particular attention to outcomes for LGBTIQ+ communities. A more robust framework would allow for the adjustment of strategies and ensure the plan's objectives are met.
